Baltes, Kuhl, Gutzmann, & Sowarka, 1995 P. This research has established that older adults can improve cognitive abilities ( Ball & Sekuler, 1986 Ball, Beard, Roenker, Miller, & Griggs, 1988 Hayslip, Maloy, & Kohl, 1995 Schaie & Willis, 1986 Willis, Bliezner, & Baltes, 1981) with training protocols targeting memory, reasoning, and speed of processing, among other cognitive domains ( Ball et al., 2002 Ball et al., 1988 M. Therefore a great deal of research has gone into pursuing the question of whether cognitive decline can be reversed or delayed through cognitive training. More recently, Burdick and colleagues (2005) confirmed that cognition is a significant predictor of older adults' difficulties with basic and instrumental activities of daily living, which lead to loss of independence.Ĭonsidering both the impact of cognitive decline upon everyday abilities, and the importance of everyday abilities to sustained independence, there is increasing interest in helping older adults maintain cognitive fitness for as long as possible.
For example, Bäckman and Hill (1996) concluded that laboratory-based measures of cognitive abilities can reliably predict functional competence among older adults. These findings are especially important considering the established links between basic cognitive abilities and everyday functional abilities ( Allaire & Marsiske, 1999 Cahn-Weiner, Malloy, Boyle, Marran, & Salloway, 2000 Owsley, Sloane, McGwin, & Ball, 2002 Willis, Jay, Diehl, & Marsiske, 1992). All rights reserved.RESEARCHERS have well established that a variety of cognitive abilities, including memory, processing speed, and problem solving, decline with increasing age (for examples see Birren, Woods, & Williams, 1980 Madden, 1992 Schaie, 1996 Smith & Earles, 1996). Moreover, the elicitation of the N170 by auditory feedback suggests that the system that gives rise to the N170 in the context of processing delayed feedback is not unique to visual input.ĭelayed feedback Feedback related negativity (FRN) Immediate feedback N170.Ĭopyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. The N170 was found sensitive to both feedback timing and valence, providing additional evidence to its relevance to feedback processing. However, sensitivity to timing was found in the N1-P2 complex preceding the FRN. The FRN was not found sensitive to the timing of the auditory feedback. In two of the sets auditory feedback was given 500 ms following a response, and in the two other sets feedback delivery was delayed by 6500 ms. The 56 object-name pairs were divided into four sets, each containing fourteen items presented in five training blocks and a sixth testing block. Thirty healthy young adults were tasked with learning the names of 56 novel objects through trial-and-error guided by feedback in a two-choice paired association task. The purpose of the present study was to elucidate the extent to which the FRN and N170 are modulated by feedback timing when feedback is auditory. Additionally, the N170 ERP component was recently found to be sensitive to the timing of visual feedback (Arbel et al., 2017). Previous studies reported that the FRN was modulated by feedback timing when feedback was visual. The study examined the effect of feedback timing on the FRN and N170 ERP components in the context of feedback-based learning, by manipulating feedback timing and presenting auditory feedback.
0 kommentar(er)
